Keywords
plant biologically active substances
anti-inflammatory properties
mechanisms
anti-inflammatory properties
mechanisms
Abstract
The aim of the study – to analyze scientific sources of information on the anti-inflammatory properties of biologically active substances (BAS) of plant origin and phytopreparations, as also mechanisms of their action. This review was based on a structured literature search designed to identify publications on the anti- inflammatory properties of plant substances and mechanisms of their action. A search was conducted in relevant databases, including PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar, focusing mainly on the period between 2000 and 2025. Plant-derived substances that exhibit anti-inflammatory activity belong to a wide variety of chemical classes: alkaloids and terpenes, phenolic compounds such as tannins, lignans, coumarins, saponins and, especially, flavonoids. There are several mechanisms that explain the anti-inflammatory activity of BAS from medicinal plants in vivo. These mechanisms include antioxidant and antiradical activity, regulation activity of cells associated with inflammation: mast cells, macrophages, lymphocytes and neutrophils (for example, some inhibit the release of histamine from mast cells, while others inhibit the proliferation of T cells), modulation of the activity of enzymes that metabolize arachidonic acid (AA), such as phospholipase A2 (PLA2), cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase and the enzyme that produces NO – nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Inhibition of these enzymes by anti-inflammatory medicinal plant preparations reduces the production of AA, prostaglandins, leukotrienes and NO, which are key mediators of inflammation. Thus, inhibition of these enzymes is one of the important cellular anti-inflammatory mechanisms. In recent years, much evidence supports the idea that certain BAS are modulators of gene expression, especially as inhibitors of pro-inflammatory gene expression, which leads to a weakening of the inflamatory response. Thus, biologically active substances of plant origin affect various cellular and molecular targets involved in the development of inflammation, which indicates the polyvalence of the action of herbal preparations and determines their high clinical efficacy.
References
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3. Newman D. J., Cragg G. M. Natural products as sources of new drugs from 1981 to 2014. J. Nat. Prod. 2016. V. 79. P. 629–661.
4. Arya V., Arya M. L. A review on anti-inflammatory plant barks. Int. J. Pharm. Tech. Res. 2011. V. 3. P. 899–908.
5. Role of secondary metabolites in plant defense against pathogens. M. Zaynab, M. Fatima, S. Abbas et al. Microb. Pathog. 2018. V. 124. P. 198–202.
6. Shah B., Seth A., Maheshwari K. A review on medicinal plants as a source of anti-inflammatory agents. Res. J. Med. Plant. 2011. V. 5. P. 101–115.
7. Natural compounds flavonoids as modulators of inflammasomes in chronic diseases. B. A. Owona, W. A. Abia, P. F. Moundipa. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2020. V. 84. P. 1–9.
8. Anand P. K. Lipids, inflammasomes, metabolism, and disease. Immunol. Rev. 2020. V. 297. P. 108–122.
9. Oguntibeju O. O. Hypoglycaemic and anti-diabetic activity of selected African medicinal plants. Int J. Physiol. Pathophysiol. Pharmacol. 2019. V. 11. P. 224–237.
10. Azab A., Nassar A., Azab A. N. Anti-inflammatory activity of natural products. Molecules. 2016. V. 21. P. 1321.
11. Antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of essential oils of selected aromatic plants from Tajikistan. F. Sharopov, M. S. Braun, I. Gulmurodov et al. Foods. 2015. V. 4. P. 645–653.
12. Bauri R. K., Tigga M. N., Kullu S. S. A review on use of medicinal plants to control parasites. J. Nat. Prod. Resour. 2015. V. 6. P. 268–277.
13. Anti-inflammatory activity of Jurubeba (Solanum paniculatum L.) through reducing the T-bet and GATA3 gene expression, in vitro. R. Rios, H. B. F. Silva, N. V. Q. Carneiro et al. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2017. V. 139. P. AB268.
14. Isolation, identification and molecular docking as cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors of the main constituents of Matricaria chamomilla L. extract and its synergistic interaction with diclofenac on nociception and gastric damage in rats. M. I. Ortiz, E. Fernández-Martínez, L. E. Soria-Jasso et al. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2016. V. 78. P. 248–256.
15. Anti-inflammatory effect of Heliotropium indicum Linn on lipopolysaccharide-induced uveitis in New Zealand white rabbits. S. Kyei, G. Koffuor, P. Ramkissoon et al. Int. J. Ophthalmol. 2016. V. 9. P. 528–535.
16. Antinoceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the ethanolic extract, fractions and flavones isolated from Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir (Leguminosae). M. P. Cruz, C. M. F. Andrade, K. O. Silva et al. PLoS ONE 2016. V. 9 (11). P. e0150839.
17. Anti-Inflammatory effects of the essential oils of Ginger (Zingiber offcinale Roscoe) in experimental rheumatoid arthritis. J. L. Funk, J. B. Frye, J. N. Oyarzo et al. PharmaNutrition. 2016. V. 4. P. 123–131.
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20. Anti-inflammatory effect of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi hydroalcoholic extract on neutrophil migration in zymosan-induced arthritis. E. Rosas, L. B. Correa, T. D. A. Pádua et al. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2015. V. 175. P. 490–498.
21. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and gastric anti-ulcer activity of Phyllanthus niruri L. (Euphorbiaceae) leaves in experimental rats. R. Mostofora, S. Ahmed, M. M. Begum et al. BMC Complement Altern. Med. 2017. V. 17. P. 267.
22. A review of Acalypha indica L. (Euphorbiaceae) as traditional medicinal plant and its therapeutic potential. N. S. Zahidin, S. Saidin, R. M. Zulkifli et al. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2017. V. 207. P. 146–173.
23. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of Acalyphahispida leaf and analysis of its major bioactive polyphenols by HPLC. A. Siraj, J. A. Shilpi, G. Hossain et al. Adv. Pharm. Bull. 2016. V. 6. P. 275–283.
24. Medicinal plants with anti-inflammatory activities. F. Maione, R. Russo, H. Khan et al. Nat. Prod. Res. 2015. V. 30. P. 1343–1352.
25. Effects of aqueous extracts from Ceratonia siliqua L. pods on small intestinal motility in rats and jejunal permeability in mice. K. Rtibi, S. Selmi, M.-A. Jabri et al. RSC Adv. 2016. V. 6. P. 44345–44353.
26. Nworu C. S., Akah P. A. Anti-inflammatory medicinal plants and the molecular mechanisms underlying their activities. Afr. J. Tradit. Complement. Altern. Med. 2015. V. 12 (Suppl.). P. 52–61.
27. Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antioxidant activities of novel kyotorphin-nitroxide hybrid molecules. W. Bi, Y. Bi, X. Gao et al. Bioorganic Med. Chem. Lett. 2016. P. 26. P. 2005–2013.
28. Alkaloids for cancer prevention and therapy: сurrent progress and future perspectives. A. Mondal, A. Gandhi, C. Fimognari et al. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2019. V. 858. P. 172472.
29. Hussein R. A., El-Anssary A. A. Plants secondary metabolites: the key drivers of the pharmacological actions of medicinal plants. Herb. Med. 2019. V. 2. P. 11–30.
30. Singh B., Sharma R. A. Plant terpenes: defense responses, phylogenetic analysis, regulation and clinical applications. Biotech. 2014. V. 5. P. 129–151.
31. Plant secondary metabolites in the battle of drugs and drug-resistant bacteria: new heroes or worse clones of antibiotics? C. L. Gorlenko, H. Y. Kiselev, E. V. Budanova et al. Antibiotics. 2020. V. 9. P. 170.
32. Muthukrishnan S. D., Subramaniyan A. Phytochemical constituents of Gloriosa superba seed, tuber and leaves. Res. J. Pharm. Biol. Chem. Sci. 2012. V. 3. P. 111–117.
33. Rex J. R. S., Muthukumar N. M. S. A., Selvakumar P. M. Phytochemicals as a potential source for anti-microbial, anti-oxidant and wound healing – a review. MOJ Bioorg. Org. Chem. 2018. V. 2 (2). P. 61–70.
34. Influence of extraction process on flavonoid content from Cnidoscolus quercifolius pohl (euhorbiaceae) and antioxidant activity. D. A. Torres, E. C. V. Pereira, P. A. Sampaio et al. Quim. Nova. 2018. V. 41. P. 743–747.
35. The biological efficacy of natural products against acute and chronic inflammatory diseases in the oral region. T. Ara, S. Nakatani, K. Kobata et al. Medicines. 2018. V. 5. P. 122.
36. Recent research on flavonoids and their biomedical applications. K. Wen, X. Fang, J. Yang et al. Current Medicinal Chemistry. 2021. V. 28, Issue 5. P. 1042–1066.
37. Indian medicinal herbs as sources of antioxidants. S. S. Ali, N. Kasoju, A. Luthra et al. Food Res. Int. 2008. V. 41. P. 1–15.
38. Middleton E., Kandaswami C., Theoharides T. C. The effects of plant flavonoids on mammalian cells: implications for inflammation, heart disease and cancer. Pharmacol. Rev. 2000. V. 52. P. 673–751.
39. Anti-inflammatory plant flavonoids and cellular action mechanisms. H. P. Kim, K. H. Son, H. W. Chang et al. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 2004. V. 96. P. 229–245.
40. Effect of flavonoids on arachidonic acid metabolism. A. F. Welton, L. D. Tobias, C. Fiedler-Nagy et al. In: V. Cody, E. Middleton, J. B. Harborne, editors. Plant flavonoids in biology and medicine. New York: Alan R. Liss, 1986. P. 231–242.
41. Inhibition of mammalian 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase by flavonoids and phenolic dietary additives. M. J. Laughton, P. J. Evans, M. A. Moroney et al. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1991. V. 42. P. 1673–1681.
42. Targeting mammalian 5-lipoxygenase by dietary phenolics as an anti-inflammatory mechanism: a systematic review. J. A. Giménez-Bastida, A. González-Sarrías, J. M. Laparra-Llopis et al. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021. V. 22 (15). P. 7937.
43. Reginato F. Z., Da Silva A. R. H., Bauermann L. F. Evaluation of the flavonoides use in the treatment of the inflammation. Rev. Cuba. Farm. 2015. V. 49. P. 569–582.
44. Aravindaram K., Yang N.-S. Anti-inflammatory plant natural products for cancer therapy. Planta Med. 2010. V. 76. P. 1103–1117.
45. Molecular mechanisms of inflammation. Anti-inflammatory benefits of virgin olive oil and the phenolic compound oleocanthal. L. Lucas, A. Russell, R. Keast et al. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2011. V. 17. P. 754–768.
46. Potential therapeutic effect of Allium cepa L. and quercetin in a murine model of Blomia tropicalis induced asthma. T. O. Teixeira, K. M. Campos, A. T. Cerqueira-Lima et al. DARU J. Pharm. Sci. 2015. V. 23. P. 18.
47. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative activity of abutilon indicum l. plant ethanolic leaf extract on lung cancer cell line a549 for system network studies. D. S. V. G. K. Kaladhar, S. K. Swathi, V. Varahalarao et al. J. Cancer Sci. Ther. 2014. V. 6. P. 188–194.
48. Bose S., Laha B., Banerjee S. Anti-inflammatory activity of isolated allicin from garlic with post- acoustic waves and microwave radiation. J. Adv. Pharm. Educ. Res. 2013. V. 3. P. 512–515.
49. Szeja W., Grynkiewicz G., Rusin A. Isoflavones, their glycosides and glycoconjugates. Synthesis and biological activity. Curr. Org. Chem. 2017. V. 21. P. 218–235.
50. Biological activities and novel applications of chalcones. C. Díaz-Tielas, M. Reigosa, A. Sánchez-Moreiras et al. Planta Daninha. 2016. V. 34. P. 607–616.
51. Roy A. A review on the alkaloids an important therapeutic compound from plants. Int. J. Plant Biol. 2017. V. 3. P. 1–9.
52. Plant food supplements with anti-inflammatory properties: a systematic review (II). C. Di Lorenzo, M. Dell’agli, M. Badea et al. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2013. V. 53 (5). P. 507–516.
53. Plant food supplements with anti-inflammatory properties: a systematic review (I). M. Dell’agli, C. Di Lorenzo, M. Badea et al. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2013. Vol. 53 (5). P. 403–413.
54. The antiviral and immunomodulatory activities of propolis: an update and future perspectives for respiratory diseases. A. Magnavacca, E. Sangiovanni, G. Racagni, M. Dell’Agli. Med. Res. Rev. 2022. V. 42 (2). P. 897–945.
55. Baird L., Yamamoto M. The molecular mechanisms regulating the KEAP1-NRF2 pathway. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2020. V. 40. P. e00099-20.
56. Przybylek I., Karpinski T. M. Antibacterial properties of propolis. Molecules. 2019. V. 24 (11). P. 2047.
57. Barabutis N., Schally A. V., Siejka A. P53, GHRH, inflammation and cancer. EBioMedicine. 2018. V. 37. P. 557–562.
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